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Research

Built on the Science of Redox Flow Batteries

Selected peer-reviewed literature informing the technical context presented across this website.

What the Literature Says

Scalability

Modern reviews consistently identify decoupled energy and power scaling, flexibility and scalability among the defining advantages of RFB architecture.

Key Constraints

Energy density, electrolyte stability, crossover, membrane performance, degradation and capital cost remain recurring research challenges.

Research Direction

Emerging work includes organic molecules, iron-based chemistries, hybrid designs, high-concentration electrolytes, wider voltage windows and advanced membranes.

Selected Publications & Technical Reading

  1. Noack et al. / historical literature. Historical reviews identify Kangro's 1949 patent as the first battery type similar to modern flow batteries. Open-access historical review
  2. Skyllas-Kazacos (2023). “The History of the UNSW All-Vanadium Flow Battery Development.” Documents development from the 1983 concept through decades of research and field trials. Source
  3. Skyllas-Kazacos (2022), Journal of The Electrochemical Society. Review of UNSW vanadium RFB development, including membranes, electrodes, electrolyte, modelling, controls and field trials. DOI
  4. Zhang et al. (2018), Energy & Environmental Science. “An all-aqueous redox flow battery with unprecedented energy density.” Co-authored by Mahboubeh Mousavi; reports a hybrid alkaline zinc–iodine redox flow battery and a strategy for increasing cell voltage and energy density through electrolyte pH control. DOI
  5. Mousavi et al. (2020), Energy Storage Materials. “Decoupled low-cost ammonium-based electrolyte design for highly stable zinc–iodine redox flow batteries.” Introduces an ammonium-based decoupled electrolyte design aimed at improving stability, cyclability, performance and chemical cost in zinc–iodine redox flow batteries. DOI
  6. Mousavi et al. (2021), Chemical Engineering Journal. “Elucidating and tackling capacity fading of zinc-iodine redox flow batteries.” Investigates capacity fade associated with hydraulic-pressure imbalance and demonstrates electrolyte flow-rate control as a strategy to improve cycling stability. DOI
  7. Zhang et al. (2022), Nature Reviews Chemistry. “Emerging chemistries and molecular designs for flow batteries.” A broad review of next-generation inorganic and organic RFB chemistries, degradation mechanisms and performance assessment. Source
  8. Li & Lu (2020), Advanced Materials. “Material Design of Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamental Challenges and Mitigation Strategies.” Reviews aqueous electrolyte design, energy-density limitations, stability and commercialization requirements. Source
  9. Kwabi et al. (2020), Chemical Reviews. “Electrolyte Lifetime in Aqueous Organic Redox Flow Batteries.” Explains why active-material lifetime is central to RFB economics. Source
  10. Gao et al. (2023). “Towards high power density aqueous redox flow batteries.” Reviews strategies for improving power density and reducing capital cost. Source
  11. Recent iron-RFB review (2026), ACS Applied Energy Materials. Reviews iron-based systems, degradation, electrolyte design and the motivation for abundant, lower-cost active materials. DOI

External publications are provided for scientific background. Their inclusion does not imply endorsement of Kangro Energy.